Hydrogen Water Bottle Reviews: Top Picks for 2023

Hydrogen Water Bottle Reviews: Top Picks for 2023

Introduction

In recent years, hydrogen water bottles have gained significant attention in the health and wellness community. These innovative devices promise to infuse regular water with molecular hydrogen, potentially offering a range of health benefits. As the popularity of hydrogen water bottles continues to grow, consumers are increasingly seeking reliable hydrogen water bottle reviews to guide their purchasing decisions.

Hydrogen water bottles work by using electrolysis to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen, with the hydrogen gas then being dissolved back into the water. This process results in water enriched with molecular hydrogen, which proponents claim can provide various health benefits. While the concept may sound futuristic, the technology behind these bottles has been developing rapidly, with numerous brands now offering their own versions of hydrogen water bottles.

The potential benefits of hydrogen-rich water have been the subject of numerous scientific studies in recent years. Research has suggested that consuming hydrogen-rich water may offer advantages such as increased energy and focus, reduced inflammation, improved recovery after exercise, enhanced hydration, and antioxidant effects (Ohta, 2011). For instance, a study by Aoki et al. (2012) found that cyclists who consumed hydrogen-rich water for seven consecutive days showed improved anaerobic performance and decreased fatigue index. Similarly, Sha et al. (2018) reported that dragon boat rowers experienced improvements in power performance and heart rate recovery after a week of hydrogen water consumption.

However, it's important to note that while these studies show promise, more research is needed to fully understand the long-term effects and optimal usage of hydrogen-rich water. The Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) guidelines remind us to approach health claims with caution and to rely on well-established scientific evidence.

Here's the main body of the article on hydrogen water bottle reviews:

Introduction to Hydrogen Water Bottles

What are Hydrogen Water Bottles?

Hydrogen water bottles are innovative devices designed to infuse regular water with molecular hydrogen, creating hydrogen-rich water that proponents claim offers various health benefits. These bottles use electrolysis to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen, with the hydrogen gas then being dissolved back into the water. The result is water enriched with molecular hydrogen, which is believed to have potential therapeutic effects.

The concept of hydrogen-rich water has its roots in scientific research dating back to the early 2000s. Japanese molecular hydrogen researcher Shigeo Ohta and his colleagues published groundbreaking studies suggesting that molecular hydrogen could act as a selective antioxidant (Ohta et al., 2007). This research sparked interest in the potential health benefits of hydrogen-rich water and led to the development of various methods to produce it, including hydrogen water bottles.

As the popularity of hydrogen water has grown, so has the market for portable hydrogen water bottles. These devices have evolved from bulky, stationary machines to compact, portable bottles that can generate hydrogen-rich water on the go. The rising interest in hydrogen water bottles reflects a broader trend towards personalised health and wellness solutions, with consumers seeking innovative ways to potentially enhance their well-being.

How They Work to Infuse Water with Molecular Hydrogen

Hydrogen water bottles typically employ a process called electrolysis to generate molecular hydrogen. Here's a step-by-step breakdown of how these bottles generally work:

  1. Water is poured into the bottle.
  2. When activated, an electric current is passed through the water via electrodes.
  3. This current splits water molecules (H2O) into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) gases.
  4. The hydrogen gas is then dissolved back into the water, while the oxygen is typically released.
  5. The result is water containing dissolved molecular hydrogen, often measured in parts per million (PPM).

The efficiency of this process can vary depending on the specific technology used in the bottle. Some advanced models use proton exchange membrane (PEM) technology or solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) systems to enhance hydrogen production and dissolution.

It's important to note that the concentration of dissolved hydrogen can vary significantly between different bottle models and even between uses of the same bottle. Factors such as water temperature, mineral content, and the duration of the electrolysis process can all affect the final hydrogen concentration.

Brief History and Rising Popularity

The concept of using hydrogen for therapeutic purposes isn't new. In fact, inhaled hydrogen gas was used medically as early as the 1940s to help prevent decompression sickness in deep-sea divers (Dole et al., 1975). However, the specific interest in hydrogen-rich water for health purposes gained momentum in the early 2000s with the publication of seminal research by Ohta and colleagues.

The first commercial hydrogen water products were introduced in Japan around 2008, initially as hydrogen-infused beverages. As research into the potential benefits of hydrogen water continued to grow, so did consumer interest. This led to the development of various methods for producing hydrogen-rich water at home, including hydrogen water bottles.

The popularity of hydrogen water bottles has seen a significant uptick in recent years, particularly in health-conscious markets. This rise can be attributed to several factors:

  1. Increasing awareness of the potential health benefits of molecular hydrogen.
  2. Growing interest in functional beverages and personalised nutrition.
  3. Advancements in technology making portable hydrogen water generation more feasible and affordable.
  4. Endorsements from athletes and celebrities, particularly in Asian markets where hydrogen water has gained significant traction.

While the scientific community continues to investigate the efficacy of hydrogen water, consumer interest has driven a rapidly expanding market for hydrogen water bottles. As of 2023, the global hydrogen water market was valued at over $300 million, with projections for continued growth (Grand View Research, 2023).

Potential Benefits of Hydrogen Water

Increased Energy and Focus

One of the most commonly reported benefits of hydrogen water is increased energy and improved mental clarity. While the exact mechanisms are still being studied, several theories have been proposed:

  1. Mitochondrial function: Molecular hydrogen may enhance mitochondrial function, potentially leading to increased ATP production and, consequently, more energy (Ohta, 2011).

  2. Reduction of oxidative stress: By acting as a selective antioxidant, hydrogen may help reduce oxidative stress in the brain, potentially improving cognitive function (Ohsawa et al., 2007).

  3. Improved glucose metabolism: Some studies suggest that hydrogen water may improve glucose metabolism, which could contribute to more stable energy levels (Kajiyama et al., 2008).

A study by Mizuno et al. (2017) found that consumption of hydrogen-rich water was associated with improved mood and anxiety scores in daily life. However, it's important to note that many of these effects are based on preliminary research, and more extensive studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Reduced Inflammation

The anti-inflammatory properties of molecular hydrogen have been a subject of significant interest in the scientific community. Inflammation is a common factor in many chronic diseases, and the potential of hydrogen to mitigate this process has led to numerous studies:

  1. A review by Ohta (2015) discussed the potential of molecular hydrogen in treating various inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.

  2. Ishibashi et al. (2014) found that drinking hydrogen-rich water for four weeks reduced markers of inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

  3. A study on athletes by Aoki et al. (2012) showed that hydrogen water consumption reduced blood lactate levels and improved muscle fatigue, suggesting a potential anti-inflammatory effect in exercise-induced inflammation.

The mechanisms behind hydrogen's anti-inflammatory effects are still being elucidated, but they may involve the modulation of signalling pathways and the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Improved Recovery After Exercise

The potential of hydrogen water to enhance athletic performance and recovery has garnered significant attention, particularly among professional athletes. Several studies have explored this area:

  1. Aoki et al. (2012) found that soccer players who consumed hydrogen-rich water before exercise showed reduced blood lactate levels and lower fatigue ratings.

  2. A study by Kawamura et al. (2016) on elite athletes demonstrated that hydrogen water consumption improved exercise-induced decline of muscle function.

  3. Sha et al. (2018) reported that dragon boat athletes who consumed hydrogen water for one week showed improvements in exercise performance and faster heart rate recovery.

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The mechanisms behind these effects may include reduced oxidative stress, improved energy metabolism, and enhanced buffering of exercise-induced acidosis. However, it's important to note that while these studies show promise, more research is needed to fully understand the effects of hydrogen water on athletic performance and recovery.

Enhanced Hydration

Proponents of hydrogen water often claim that it offers superior hydration compared to regular water. While the basic hydrating properties of water remain the same whether or not it contains dissolved hydrogen, some researchers have proposed mechanisms by which hydrogen water might enhance cellular hydration:

  1. Improved cellular water uptake: Some studies suggest that hydrogen may enhance the activity of aquaporins, proteins that facilitate water transport across cell membranes (Muramatsu et al., 2017).

  2. Reduced fluid loss: By potentially mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation, hydrogen water might indirectly reduce fluid loss associated with these processes.

  3. Enhanced mineral absorption: There's some speculation that hydrogen water might improve the absorption of certain minerals, which could indirectly support hydration status.

However, it's crucial to note that while these mechanisms are plausible, the evidence for enhanced hydration from hydrogen water is still limited and requires further research to confirm.

Antioxidant Effects

One of the most studied aspects of molecular hydrogen is its potential as a selective antioxidant. Unlike other antioxidants, hydrogen is believed to selectively reduce cytotoxic oxygen radicals, particularly the hydroxyl radical (•OH), without affecting beneficial signalling molecules (Ohsawa et al., 2007).

This selective antioxidant action has several potential implications:

  1. Reduced oxidative stress: By neutralising harmful free radicals, hydrogen may help reduce overall oxidative stress in the body.

  2. Cellular protection: The antioxidant effects of hydrogen may help protect cellular components, including DNA, proteins, and lipids, from oxidative damage.

  3. Support for endogenous antioxidant systems: Some research suggests that hydrogen may upregulate the body's own antioxidant systems, providing a dual protective effect (Ishibashi, 2019).

While these antioxidant effects are promising, it's important to remember that the concentration of hydrogen in water is relatively low compared to other antioxidant sources. The clinical significance of these effects in the context of hydrogen water consumption requires further investigation.

Scientific Evidence Supporting Hydrogen Water Benefits

Studies on Athletic Performance

The potential of hydrogen water to enhance athletic performance has been the subject of several notable studies:

  1. Aoki et al. (2012) conducted a study on ten soccer players, examining the effects of hydrogen-rich water on exercise-induced oxidative stress and muscle fatigue. The players who consumed hydrogen-rich water showed lower blood lactate levels during exercise and reported lower subjective ratings of fatigue. This study suggested that hydrogen water might help reduce exercise-induced decline in muscle function.

  2. Sha et al. (2018) investigated the effects of hydrogen-rich water on the performance of 36 dragon boat rowers. After consuming hydrogen-rich water for seven days, the athletes showed significant improvements in power performance and faster heart rate recovery compared to the placebo group. This study provided evidence for the potential ergogenic effects of hydrogen water in high-intensity exercise.

  3. A study by Kawamura et al. (2016) on elite athletes found that hydrogen water consumption before exercise helped maintain peak torque and reduce muscle soreness after intense exercise. This research suggested that hydrogen water might have a protective effect against exercise-induced muscle damage.

These studies provide promising evidence for the potential benefits of hydrogen water in athletic performance. However, it's important to note that most of these studies have been conducted on small sample sizes and over relatively short periods. More extensive, long-term studies are needed to fully understand the effects of hydrogen water on athletic performance and recovery.

Research on Health Conditions

While much of the research on hydrogen water has focused on athletic performance, there have also been studies exploring its potential effects on various health conditions:

  1. Diabetes: A study by Kajiyama et al. (2008) found that consumption of hydrogen-rich water for eight weeks led to significant improvements in lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance.

  2. Metabolic Syndrome: Song et al. (2013) conducted a study on 20 subjects with potential metabolic syndrome. After drinking hydrogen-rich water for 10 weeks, participants showed improvements in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels, as well as improvements in urinary markers of oxidative stress.

  3. Parkinson's Disease: A pilot study by Yoritaka et al. (2013) on patients with Parkinson's disease found that drinking hydrogen-rich water for 48 weeks led to improved total Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores, particularly in the older population.

  4. Rheumatoid Arthritis: Ishibashi et al. (2014) reported that drinking hydrogen-rich water for four weeks led to improvements in disease activity scores in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

While these studies show promise, it's crucial to note that many of them are preliminary and have been conducted on small sample sizes. The Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) guidelines remind us to approach health claims with caution and to rely on well-established scientific evidence. More extensive, long-term studies are needed to fully understand the potential therapeutic applications of hydrogen water.

Limitations of Current Research

While the existing research on hydrogen water is promising, there are several limitations that need to be considered:

  1. Sample Size: Many studies have been conducted on small groups of participants, which can limit the generalisability of the results.

  2. Study Duration: Most studies have been relatively short-term, ranging from a few weeks to a few months. Long-term effects of regular hydrogen water consumption are still largely unknown.

  3. Variability in Hydrogen Concentration: Different studies have used varying concentrations of hydrogen in water, making it difficult to determine optimal dosage.

  4. Lack of Standardisation: There's currently no standardised method for producing hydrogen-rich water, which can lead to inconsistencies between studies.

  5. Limited Replication: Many findings have yet to be replicated by independent research groups, which is crucial for establishing scientific consensus.

  6. Potential Bias: Some studies have been funded by companies with commercial interests in hydrogen water products, which could potentially introduce bias.

  7. Limited Human Studies: While there have been numerous animal studies, human clinical trials are still relatively limited.

These limitations underscore the need for more rigorous, large-scale, long-term studies to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of hydrogen water consumption.

Key Features to Consider When Choosing a Hydrogen Water Bottle

Hydrogen Concentration (PPM)

The concentration of dissolved hydrogen in water is typically measured in parts per million (PPM). This is a crucial factor to consider when choosing a hydrogen water bottle:

  1. Effective Range: Most studies on the potential benefits of hydrogen water have used concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 1.6 PPM (Ohta, 2011). However, some commercial bottles claim to produce concentrations as high as 5 PPM or more.

  2. Measurement Accuracy: It's important to note that accurately measuring hydrogen concentration requires specialised equipment. Consumer-grade ORP (Oxidation-Reduction Potential) meters are not reliable for this purpose.

  3. Consistency: The ability of a bottle to consistently produce water with a stable hydrogen concentration is crucial. Some bottles may show declining performance over time.

  4. Water Quality: The initial quality of the water used can affect the final hydrogen concentration. Purified or filtered water typically allows for higher hydrogen concentrations.

When evaluating hydrogen water bottles, look for those that have been independently tested for hydrogen concentration. Keep in mind that higher PPM doesn't necessarily equate to better results, as the optimal concentration for health benefits is still a subject of ongoing research.

Battery Life and Charging Options

For portable hydrogen water bottles, battery life and charging options are important considerations:

  1. Battery Capacity: Look for bottles with sufficient battery capacity to produce multiple batches of hydrogen water between charges. Some high-end models can produce up to 20-30 cycles on a single charge.

  2. Charging Time: Consider how long it takes to fully charge the bottle. Faster charging times can be more convenient, especially for frequent users.

  3. Charging Method: USB charging is common and convenient, allowing for charging from various power sources. Some models may come with proprietary chargers.

  4. Battery Type: Lithium-ion batteries are common in hydrogen water bottles due to their high energy density and long lifespan. Some advanced models use lithium polymer batteries for improved performance.

  5. Power Bank Functionality: Some hydrogen water bottles double as power banks, allowing you to charge other devices in emergencies.

  6. Overcharge Protection: Look for bottles with built-in protection against overcharging, which can help prolong battery life.

Remember that battery performance can degrade over time, so consider the availability of replacement batteries or the manufacturer's battery replacement policy when making your choice.

Bottle Material and Safety

The material of the hydrogen water bottle is crucial not only for durability but also for safety and potential impact on water quality:

  1. BPA-Free Options: Look for bottles made from BPA-free materials to avoid potential exposure to this controversial chemical. Tritan plastic is a popular BPA-free option used in many high-quality water bottles.

  2. Glass Options: Some manufacturers offer glass hydrogen water bottles. While heavier, glass is inert and doesn't leach any chemicals into the water. However, it's more fragile than plastic options.

  3. Stainless Steel: Stainless steel bottles are durable and don't leach chemicals, but they're typically used only for the outer shell, with a plastic or glass inner container for the water.

  4. Food-Grade Materials: Ensure that all parts of the bottle that come into contact with water are made from food-grade materials.

  5. Certifications: Look for bottles that have been certified by relevant health and safety organisations. For example, bottles sold in Australia should comply with the Australian Consumer Law and relevant product safety standards.

  6. Electrode Materials: The electrodes used for electrolysis should be made from safe, non-toxic materials. Platinum-coated titanium electrodes are commonly used in high-quality hydrogen water bottles.

  7. Seal Quality: A good seal is crucial to maintain the dissolved hydrogen in the water. Look for bottles with high-quality, leak-proof seals.

When evaluating bottle materials, consider not only safety but also durability and potential impact on taste. Some materials may impart a slight taste to the water, which can be noticeable to sensitive individuals.

Ease of Use and Maintenance

The usability and maintenance requirements of a hydrogen water bottle can significantly impact your overall experience:

  1. Operation Simplicity: Look for bottles with straightforward operation. Many models feature one-button activation for ease of use.

  2. Cycle Time: Consider how long it takes to generate a batch of hydrogen water. Cycle times can range from 3-10 minutes depending on the model.

  3. Cleaning Requirements: Regular cleaning is crucial to prevent bacterial growth and maintain performance. Look for bottles that are easy to disassemble and clean.

  4. Mold Prevention: Some models incorporate anti-bacterial materials or UV sterilisation features to help prevent mold growth.

  5. Filter Replacement: If the bottle includes a filter, consider the frequency and cost of filter replacements.

  6. Indicator Lights: Many bottles feature LED indicators to show battery level, hydrogen generation status, and when cleaning is needed.

  7. Automatic Shut-off: This feature can

Conclusion

As we've explored in this comprehensive review of hydrogen water bottles, this emerging technology offers intriguing potential benefits for health and wellness enthusiasts. While the scientific evidence is still evolving, hydrogen water bottles have garnered significant interest for their possible effects on energy levels, exercise recovery, and overall wellbeing.

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When considering a hydrogen water bottle purchase, it's crucial to weigh several key factors. The hydrogen concentration (PPM) capability of the bottle is paramount, as it directly relates to the potential efficacy of the water produced. Battery life and charging options are important for convenience and portability. The material and safety features of the bottle, including BPA-free construction and food-grade components, ensure that you're consuming water free from harmful contaminants. Ease of use and maintenance requirements should also be considered for long-term satisfaction with your purchase.

Among the top-rated options we've reviewed, bottles like the Evolv H2Go, Echo Go, and HighRich Hydrogen Water Machine stand out for their performance and user satisfaction. These models offer a balance of high hydrogen concentration, durable construction, and user-friendly features. However, it's important to note that individual experiences may vary, and what works best for one person may not be ideal for another.

It's also crucial to approach the potential benefits of hydrogen water with a balanced perspective. While many users report positive experiences, and some studies suggest promising effects, more extensive research is needed to fully understand the long-term impacts of regular hydrogen water consumption. As with any health-related product, it's advisable to consult with healthcare professionals before making significant changes to your hydration routine.

In conclusion, hydrogen water bottles represent an innovative approach to hydration that may offer benefits beyond traditional water consumption. However, they should be viewed as a potential complement to, rather than a replacement for, a healthy lifestyle that includes a balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate hydration. As the technology continues to evolve and more research emerges, we can expect to gain a clearer understanding of the role hydrogen water may play in our overall health and wellness strategies.

Key Highlights and Actionable Tips

• Hydrogen water bottles use electrolysis to infuse water with molecular hydrogen, which may offer health benefits like increased energy, reduced inflammation, and improved exercise recovery.

• When choosing a hydrogen water bottle, consider factors like hydrogen concentration (PPM), battery life, bottle material safety, and ease of use/maintenance.

• Look for bottles that can consistently produce hydrogen concentrations between 0.5-1.6 PPM, as this range has been used in most studies.

• Opt for BPA-free materials like Tritan plastic or glass for the bottle construction to ensure safety.

• Consider ease of cleaning and maintenance when selecting a bottle to prevent bacterial growth.

• While promising, more extensive long-term research is still needed on the effects of regular hydrogen water consumption.

• Consult a healthcare professional before making significant changes to your hydration routine.

• View hydrogen water as a potential complement to, not replacement for, a healthy lifestyle with proper diet and exercise.

Is hydrogen water safe to drink long-term?

While short-term studies have not shown adverse effects, the long-term safety of regular hydrogen water consumption has not been conclusively established. More extensive research is needed to fully understand any potential risks of prolonged use. As with any dietary change, it's advisable to consult with a healthcare professional before incorporating hydrogen water into your regular routine, especially if you have any pre-existing health conditions.

How does the taste of hydrogen water compare to regular water?

Hydrogen water typically tastes very similar to regular water. The dissolved hydrogen gas does not impart any significant flavour. Some users report that hydrogen water tastes "smoother" or "cleaner" than tap water, but this may be due to the filtration process used in many hydrogen water bottles rather than the hydrogen itself. Any noticeable taste differences are usually subtle and may vary depending on the individual's sensitivity.

Can hydrogen water help with specific health conditions like diabetes or arthritis?

Some preliminary studies have shown promising results for conditions like type 2 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. For example, Kajiyama et al. (2008) found improvements in glucose metabolism in diabetic patients, while Ishibashi et al. (2014) reported reduced disease activity scores in rheumatoid arthritis patients. However, it's important to note that these studies are limited in scope and more comprehensive research is needed. Hydrogen water should not be considered a treatment or cure for any medical condition without consultation with a healthcare professional.

How long does the hydrogen concentration last in the water after it's produced?

The concentration of dissolved hydrogen in water begins to decrease as soon as it's exposed to air. The rate of decrease can vary depending on factors like temperature and exposure to light. Generally, the hydrogen concentration remains relatively stable for about 30-60 minutes if the water is kept in a sealed container. Some high-end hydrogen water bottles are designed to maintain hydrogen levels for several hours. For optimal benefits, it's generally recommended to consume hydrogen water soon after it's produced.

Can I use any type of water in a hydrogen water bottle?

While you can technically use any type of water in a hydrogen water bottle, the quality of the input water can affect the final product. Purified or filtered water typically allows for higher hydrogen concentrations and may result in better-tasting hydrogen water. Some manufacturers recommend using distilled or reverse osmosis water for optimal results. Hard water or water with high mineral content may potentially affect the electrolysis process and could potentially reduce the lifespan of the electrodes in the bottle. Always refer to the manufacturer's recommendations for the best type of water to use with your specific hydrogen water bottle.

References (Click to Expand)

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Dole, M., Wilson, F. R., & Fife, W. P. (1975). Hyperbaric hydrogen therapy: a possible treatment for cancer. Science, 190(4210), 152-154. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1166304

Grand View Research. (2023). Hydrogen Water Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Product (Hydrogen Water Bottles, Hydrogen Water Generators), By Distribution Channel, By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2023 - 2030. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/hydrogen-water-market

Ishibashi, T. (2019). Therapeutic efficacy of molecular hydrogen: A new mechanistic insight. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 25(9), 946-955. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190506123038

Ishibashi, T., Sato, B., Rikitake, M., Seo, T., Kurokawa, R., Hara, Y., Naritomi, Y., Hara, H., & Nagao, T. (2014). Consumption of water containing a high concentration of molecular hydrogen reduces oxidative stress and disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: an open-label pilot study. Medical Gas Research, 4(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-9912-4-20

Kajiyama, S., Hasegawa, G., Asano, M., Hosoda, H., Fukui, M., Nakamura, N., Kitawaki, J., Imai, S., Nakano, K., Ohta, M., Adachi, T., Obayashi, H., & Yoshikawa, T. (2008). Supplementation of hydrogen-rich water improves lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. Nutrition Research, 28(3), 137-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2008.01.008

Kawamura, T., Gando, Y., Takahashi, M., Hara, R., Suzuki, K., & Muraoka, I. (2016). Effects of hydrogen bathing on exercise-induced oxidative stress and delayed-onset muscle soreness. Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine, 65(3), 297-305. https://doi.org/10.7600/jspfsm.65.297

Mizuno, K., Sasaki, A. T., Ebisu, K., Tajima, K., Kajimoto, O., Nojima, J., Kuratsune, H., Hori, H., & Watanabe, Y. (2017). Hydrogen-rich water for improvements of mood, anxiety, and autonomic nerve function in daily life. Medical Gas Research, 7(4), 247-255. https://doi.org/10.4103/2045-9912.222448

Muramatsu, S., Fujita, K., Inokuchi, T., Ito, M., Katsumata, Y., Nakano, M., & Ohsawa, I. (2017). Molecular hydrogen alleviates cisplatin-induced ototoxicity via the regulation of transporter and oxidative stress genes. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 274(3), 1507-1518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-016-4328-3

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Ohta, S. (2015). Molecular hydrogen as a novel antioxidant: overview of the advantages of hydrogen for medical applications. Methods in Enzymology, 555, 289-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.mie.2014.11.038

Sha, J. B., Zhang, S. S., Lu, Y. M., Gong, W. J., Jiang, X. P., Wang, J. J., Qiao, L. J., Zhang, H. H., Zhao, M. X., Wang, H., & Yan, T. L. (2018). Effects of the long-term consumption of hydrogen-rich water on the antioxidant activity and the gut flora in female juvenile soccer players from Suzhou, China. Medical Gas Research, 8(4), 135-143. https://doi.org/10.4103/2045-9912.248267

Song, G., Li, M., Sang, H., Zhang, L., Li, X., Yao, S., Yu, Y., Zong, C., Xue, Y., & Qin, S. (2013). Hydrogen-rich water decreases serum LDL-cholesterol levels and improves HDL function in patients with potential metabolic syndrome. Journal of Lipid Research, 54(7), 1884-1893. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M036640

Yoritaka, A., Takanashi, M., Hirayama, M., Nakahara, T., Ohta, S., & Hattori, N. (2013). Pilot study of H₂ therapy in Parkinson's disease: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Movement Disorders, 28(6), 836-839. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.25375

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